| admin | create and administer SCCS files |
| apropos | locate commands by keyword lookup |
| ar | archive and library maintainer (nar for cross-support) |
| as | NS16000 assembler (nasm when cross-support) |
| at | execute commands at a later time |
| awk | pattern scanning and processing language |
| basename | strip filename affixes |
| bc | arbitrary-precision arithmetic language |
| bdiff | big diff |
| burn | run for an interval |
| cal | print calendar |
| calendar | reminder service |
| cat | catenate and print |
| cb | C program beautifier |
| cc | C compiler (nmcc for cross-support) |
| cd | change working directory |
| cdc | change the delta commentary of an SCCS delta |
| checknr | check nroff/troff files |
| chfn | change full name of user |
| chmod | change mode |
| chsh | change default login shell |
| clear | clear terminal screen |
| cmp | compare two files |
| col | filter reverse line feeds |
| colcrt | filter nroff output for CRT previewing |
| colrm | remove columns from a file |
| comb | combine SCCS deltas |
| comm | select or reject lines common to two sorted files |
| uncompact, ccat, compact | compress and uncompress files, and cat
them |
| cp | copy |
| cref | make cross-reference listing |
| crypt | encode/decode |
| csh | a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax |
| ctags | create a tags file |
| cu16 | remote terminal program |
| date | print and set the date |
| dc | desk calculator |
| dd | convert and copy a file |
| ddt | debug remote and local programs |
| delta | make a delta (change) to an SCCS file |
| deroff | remove nroff, troff, tbl and eqn constructs |
| df | disk free |
| explain, diction | print wordy sentences; thesaurus for diction |
| diff | differential file and directory comparator |
| diff3 | 3-way differential file comparison |
| dpy | display the output of a command repeatedly |
| du | summarize disk usage |
| dumpalias | show aliases used by mail program |
| echo | echo arguments |
| ed | text editor |
| edit | |
| eqn | |
| edit, ex | text editor |
| unexpand, expand | expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa |
| expr | evaluate arguments as an expression |
| file | determine file type |
| find | find files |
| finger | user information lookup program |
| fmt | simple text formatter |
| fold | fold long lines for finite width output device |
| from | who is my mail from? |
| get | get a version of an SCCS file |
| gets | get a string from standard input |
| egrep, fgrep, grep | search a file for a pattern |
| head | give first few lines |
| help | give pointers to system documentation |
| install | install system software |
| intro | introduction to commands |
| kill | terminate a process with extreme prejudice |
| last | indicate last logins of users and teletypes |
| lastcomm | show last commands executed in reverse order |
| ld | NS16000 link editor (nmeld for cross-support) |
| leave | remind you when you have to leave |
| lex | generator of lexical analysis programs |
| lint | a C program verifier |
| ln | make links |
| lock | reserve a terminal |
| login | sign on |
| look | find lines in a sorted list |
| lprm, lpq, print, lpr | line printer spooler |
| ls | list contents of directory |
| m4 | macro processor |
| mail | send and receive mail |
| make | maintain program groups |
| man | find manual information by keywords; print out the manual |
| mesg | permit or deny messages |
| mkdir | make a directory |
| mkstr | create an error message file by massaging C source |
| monfix | a monitor maker |
| page, more | file perusal filter for crt viewing |
| msgs | system messages and junk mail program |
| mt | Magnetic tape manipulating program |
| mv | move or rename files |
| nburn | an EPROM burner |
| newaliases | rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file |
| newgrp | log in to a new group |
| nohup, nice | run a command at low priority (sh only) |
| nm | print name list (nnm for cross-support) |
| num | number lines |
| od | octal dump |
| passwd | change login password |
| pc | Pascal compiler (nmpc for cross-support) |
| pr | print file |
| print | pr to the line printer |
| printenv | print out the environment |
| prmail | print out mail in the post office |
| prof | display profile data |
| prs | print an SCCS file |
| prt | print SCCS file |
| ps | process status |
| ptx | permuted index |
| pwd | working directory name |
| ranlib | convert archives to libraries (nranlib for cross-support) |
| remind | date book |
| reset | reset the teletype bits to a sensible state |
| rev | reverse lines of a file |
| rewind | rewind tape drive |
| rmdir, rm | remove (unlink) files |
| rmdel | remove a delta from an SCCS file |
| sact | print current SCCS file editing activity |
| sccs | front end for the SCCS subsystem |
| sccsdiff | compare two versions of an SCCS file |
| sccshelp | ask for help about SCCS-related commands |
| sed | stream editor |
| see | see what a file has in it |
| for, case, if, while, :, ., break, continue, cd, eval, exec, exit, export, login, newgrp, read, readonly, set, shift, times, trap, umask, wait, sh | command language |
| size | size of an object file (nsize for cross-support) |
| sleep | suspend execution for an interval |
| soelim | eliminate .so's from nroff input |
| sort | sort or merge files |
| spellin, spellout, spell | find spelling errors |
| split | split a file into pieces |
| stat | print formatted inode contents |
| strings | find the printable strings in a object, or other binary,
file |
| strip | remove symbols and relocation bits (nstrip when cross-
support) |
| stty | set terminal options |
| style | analyze surface characteristics of a document |
| su | substitute user id temporarily |
| su1 | substitute user id for one command |
| sum | sum and count blocks in a file |
| tabs | set terminal tabs |
| tail | deliver the last part of a file |
| tar | tape archiver |
| tbl | format tables for nroff or troff |
| tee | pipe fitting |
| test | condition command |
| time | time a command |
| touch | update date last modified of a file |
| tr | translate characters |
| trman | translate version 6 manual macros to version 7 macros |
| nroff, troff | text formatting and typesetting |
| false, true | provide truth values |
| tset | set terminal modes |
| tsort | topological sort |
| tty | get terminal name |
| uid | print real and effective user and group ids |
| ul | do underlining |
| unget | undo a previous get of an SCCS file |
| uniq | report repeated lines in a file |
| units | conversion program |
| uptime | show how long system has been up |
| users | compact list of users who are on the system |
| val | validate SCCS file |
| vc | version control |
| vi | screen oriented (visual) display editor based on ex |
| vmstat | report virtual memory statistics |
| w | who is on and what they are doing |
| wait | await completion of process |
| wall | write to all users |
| wc | word count |
| what | identify SCCS files |
| whatis | describe what a command is |
| whereis | locate source, binary, and or manual for program |
| which | locate a program file including aliases and paths (csh only) |
| who | who is on the system |
| whoami | print effective current user id |
| write | write to another user |
| xget, enroll, xsend | secret mail |
| yacc | yet another compiler-compiler |
| yes | be repetitively affirmative |
| access | determine accessibility of file |
| acct | turn accounting on or off |
| alarm | schedule signal after specified time |
| sbrk, break, brk | change core allocation |
| chdir | change current working directory |
| chmod | change mode of file |
| chown | change owner and group of a file |
| close | close a file |
| creat | create a new file |
| dup2, dup | duplicate an open file descriptor |
| execl, execv, execle, execve, execlp, execvp, exece, environ, exec | execute a file |
| exit | terminate process |
| fork | spawn new process |
| sethostname, gethostname | get/set name of current host |
| getpid | get process identification |
| getgid, geteuid, getegid, getuid | get user and group identity |
| errno, intro | introduction to system calls and error numbers |
| stty, gtty, ioctl | control device |
| kill | send signal to a process |
| link | link to a file |
| tell, lseek | move read/write pointer |
| mknod | make a directory or a special file |
| umount, mount | mount or remove file system |
| nice | set program priority |
| open | open for reading or writing |
| pause | stop until signal |
| pipe | create an interprocess channel |
| profil | execution time profile |
| ptrace | process trace |
| read | read from file |
| setgid, setuid | set user and group ID |
| signal | catch or ignore signals |
| fstat, stat | get file status |
| stime | set time |
| sync | update super-block |
| syscall | indirect system call |
| ftime, time | get date and time |
| times | get process times |
| umask | set file creation mode mask |
| unlink | remove directory entry |
| utime | set file times |
| vlock | lock process pages into memory |
| vspy | set up mapping to physical memory |
| wait | wait for process to terminate |
| write | write on a file |
| abort | generate a fault |
| abs | integer absolute value |
| atoi, atol, atof | convert ASCII to numbers |
| setkey, encrypt, crypt | DES encryption |
| localtime, gmtime, asctime, timezone, ctime | convert date and time
to ASCII |
| isalpha, isupper, islower, isdigit, isalnum, isspace, ispunct, isprint, iscntrl, isascii, ctype | character classification |
| curses | screen functions with ``optimal'' cursor motion |
| etext, edata, end | last locations in program |
| epdtoadr | convert external procedure descriptor to absolute address |
| ldexp, modf, frexp | split into mantissa and exponent |
| getenv | value for environment name |
| getfsspec, getfsfile, setfsent, endfsent, getfsent | get file system
descriptor file entry |
| getgrgid, getgrnam, setgrent, endgrent, getgrent | get group file
entry |
| getlogin | get login name |
| getpass | read a password |
| getpw | get name from uid |
| getpwuid, getpwnam, setpwent, endpwent, getpwent | get password file
entry |
| intro | introduction to library functions |
| ltol3, l3tol | convert between 3-byte integers and long integers |
| free, realloc, calloc, malloc | main memory allocator |
| mktemp | make a unique file name |
| monitor | prepare execution profile |
| nlist | get entries from name list |
| sys_errlist, sys_nerr, perror | system error messages |
| qsort | quicker sort |
| srand, rand | random number generator |
| re_comp, re_exec, regex | regular expression handler |
| scandir | scan a directory |
| longjmp, setjmp | non-local goto |
| signal, sighold, sigignore, sigrelse, sigpause, sigset | manage sig-
nals |
| sleep | suspend execution for interval |
| strcat, strncat, strcmp, strncmp, strcpy, strncpy, strlen, index, rindex, string | string operations |
| swab | swap bytes |
| system | issue a shell command |
| tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs, termcap | terminal
independent operation routines |
| tgetent, tgetnum, tgetflag, tgetstr, tgoto, tputs, termcp | terminal
independent operation routines |
| isatty, ttyslot, ttyname | find name of a terminal |
| valloc | aligned memory allocator |
| varargs | variable argument list |
| walkdir | recursively find files in a directory hierarchy |
| ac | login accounting |
| adduser | procedure for adding new users |
| analyze | how do postmortem crash analysis |
| badsect | create files to contain bad sectors |
| catman | create the cat files for the manual |
| chgrp, chown | change owner or group |
| clri | clear i-node |
| crash | what happens when the system crashes |
| cron | clock daemon |
| dcerr | |
| dcheck | file system directory consistency check |
| dcutest | disk formatter and test program |
| delivermail | deliver mail to arbitrary people |
| dmesg | collect system diagnostic messages to form error log |
| dump | incremental file system dump |
| dumpdir | print the names of files on a dump tape |
| format | how to format disks |
| fsck | file system consistency check and interactive repair |
| getty | set terminal mode |
| halt | stop the processor |
| icheck | file system storage consistency check |
| init | process control initialization |
| install | install system software |
| makekey | generate encryption key |
| mkfs | construct a file system |
| mklost+found | make a lost+found directory for fsck |
| mknod | build special file |
| mkpt | change the disk partition tables |
| mmerr | |
| umount, mount | mount and dismount file system |
| ncheck | generate names from i-numbers |
| pstat | print system facts |
| quot | summarize file system ownership |
| rc | command script for auto-reboot and daemons |
| reboot | UNIX bootstrapping procedures |
| renice | alter priority of running process by changing nice |
| restor | incremental file system restore |
| accton, sa | system accounting |
| savecore | save a core dump of the operating system |
| setroot | fix file system ownership and protection |
| shutdown | close down the system at a given time |
| sticky | executable files with persistent text |
| sync | update the super block |
| tcerr | |
| update | periodically update the super block |
| vipw | edit the password file with vi |